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The papers in this database have been compiled from the universe of papers available in The Social Science Research Network (SSRN), National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), European Corporate Governance Institute (ECGI). For practitioner publications, we have considered publications from the Journal of Portfolio Management and Journal of Impact and ESG Investing. For an overview of research on the risk and performance characteristics of MSCI ESG Ratings and MSCI ESG Indexes, please visit the msci.com website.